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The Habsburg Monarchy included the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor House of Habsburg-Lorraine, between 1745 and 1867/1918. The capital was Vienna. The monarchy from 1804 to 1867 is usually referred to as the Austrian Empire and from 1867 to 1918 as Austria-Hungary.

The monarchy developed from the Habsburg Hereditary Lands (mostly modern Austria and Slovenia), which the Habsburgs had accumulated since 1278. The Habsburg Monarchy grew to European prominence in 1526, when Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, the younger brother of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, was elected King of Bohemia and Hungary following the death of Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia, the King of those two countries, in battle against the Turks at Battle of Mohacs.From this point the Monarchy grew to a size where at times it ruled over more than half of Europe.

Terminology Names of the territory that (with some exceptions) finally became Austria-Hungary:

Names of some smaller territories:

Territories The territories ruled by the branch changed over the centuries, but the core always consisted of four blocs:

  • The Hereditary Lands, which covered most of the modern states of Austria and Slovenia, as well as territories in northeastern Italy and (before 1797) southwestern Germany. To these were added in 1779 the Inn Quarter of Bavaria; and in 1803 the Bishoprics of Bishopric of Trent and Bishopric of Brixen. The Napoleonic Wars caused disruptions where many parts of the Hereditary lands were lost, but all these, along with the former Archbishopric of Salzburg, which had previously been temporarily annexed between 1805 and 1809, were recovered at the peace in 1815. The Hereditary provinces included:
  • Upper Austria
  • Lower Austria
  • Styria (duchy)
  • Carinthia (duchy)
  • Carniola
  • Krajina
  • The Adriatic port of Trieste
  • Istria (although much of Istria was Republic of Venice territory until 1797)
  • Gorizia and Gradisca
  • The Tirol (although the Bishoprics of Trent and Brixen dominated what would become the South Tirol before 1803)
  • The Vorarlberg (actually a collection of provinces, only united in the 19th century)
  • The Vorlande, a group of territories in southwestern Germany lost in 1797 (although the Alsace territories which had formed a part of it had been lost as early as 1648)
  • Salzburg (state) (only after 1805)
  • The Lands of the Bohemian Crown — initially consisting of the four (in fact five - Lusatia was compound from two parts/crown lands: Upper and Lower L.) provinces of Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, and Lusatia. Lusatia was ceded to Saxony in 1635, while most of Silesia was conquered by Prussia in 1740–1742.
  • The Kingdom of Hungary — prior to 1699, the Kingdom of Hungary, called Royal Hungary at that time, lost some two thirds of its territory to the Ottoman Empire and its vassals the Princes of Transylvania, while the Habsburgs were restricted to the western and northern fringes of the former kingdom, but after that date almost the whole former kingdom came under Austrian rule, with the rest being picked up in 1718. The Kingdom of Hungary, at its fullest extent, included modern Hungary and Slovakia, most of Croatia, the Vojvodina in what is now Serbia, Transylvania in what is now Romania, and Carpathian Ruthenia, a small trans-Carpathian region now in Ukraine. Between 1718 and 1739, various other Balkan territories, including the area around Belgrade and parts of western Wallachia, were also attached, but were lost following an unsuccessful war with Turkey in 1739. Much of the area bordering the Ottoman Empire was separated out from Hungarian administration and formed into the Military Frontier, which was ruled directly from Vienna.
  • The Croatia in the Habsburg Empire initially consisted of four regions: Croatia in the Habsburg Empire, Slavonia, Dalmatia and Bosnia Province. The Parliament on Cetin elected Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, as King of Croatia on 1 January 1527. Croatia remained within the Habsburg Monarchy until the Sabor declared its independence on 29 October 1918. After the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen in 1868, the official name for Croatia was The Triunine Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia.
  • Croatia in the Habsburg Empire: In the 16th century, after Slavonia and Bosnia Province fell under Ottoman Empire and Dalmatia under the Republic of Venice, the Central Croatia was referred to as the Remnants of the remnants of the once great Croatian Kingdom ().
  • Slavonia: In 16th century fell under Ottoman Empire; liberated and returned under the civil administration of Croatia in 1718.
  • Dalmatia: Between 1409 and 1420, the Republic of Venice took most of Dalmatia, which remained under Republic of Venice until its fall in 1797. Although Dalmatia was taken by Austrian Empire in 1815, it refused to return Dalmatia under the civil administration of Croatia, despite continuous urges by Sabor.
  • Bosnia Province: In 1377, the independent Bosnia and Herzegovina separated from Croatia under Tvrtko, but conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1463, while Croatia in the union with Hungary remained claiming Bosnia Province (also referred to as Turkish Croatia) for the Croatia. Bosnia Province remained under Ottoman Empire rule until 1878, when taken by Austria-Hungary, but never returned to Croatia, despite continuous urges by Sabor.
  • Croatian and Slavonian Military Frontier (Vojna Krajina), which was a temporary zone along the border with Ottoman Empire formed in 16th century and administered directly by the military authorities of Habsburg Monarchy, not by Croatian Sabor and Ban (title). It returned under the civil administration of Croatia in 1881.


    • Over the course of its history, other lands were, at times, under Austrian Habsburg rule:

  • Serbia (1688-1691)
  • The Austrian Netherlands, consisting of most of modern Belgium and Luxembourg (1713–1792)
  • The Duchy of Milan, in Lombardy (1713–1797)
  • The Kingdom of Naples (1713–1735)
  • The Kingdom of Sardinia (1713–1720)
  • The Banat of Temeswar (1718–1778)
  • Serbia (1718–1739)
  • Bosnia (region) (1878–1918)
  • Oltenia (1718–1737)
  • The Kingdom of Sicily (1720–1735)
  • The Duchy of Parma (1735–1748)
  • The Galicia (Central Europe), in modern Poland and Ukraine (1772–1918)
  • Bukovina (1774–1918)
  • Serbia (1789-1791)
  • "Nowa Galicja", the Polish lands, including Kraków, taken in the Third Partition (1795–1809)
  • Venetia (1797–1805, 1814–1866)
  • Dalmatia (1797–1805, 1814–1918)
  • Lombardy (1814–1859)
  • Kraków, which was incorporated into Galicia (Central Europe) (1846–1918)
  • Vojvodina of Serbia and Tamiš Banat (1849–1860)
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina (1908–1918)


    • The Austrian Habsburgs also held the title of Holy Roman Emperor between 1556 and 1740, and again from 1745 to 1806.

    Characteristics The various Habsburg possessions never really formed a single country - each province was governed according to its own particular customs. Until the mid 17th century, all of the provinces were not even necessarily ruled by the same person - junior members of the family often ruled portions of the Hereditary Lands as private apanages. Serious attempts at centralization began under Maria Theresa of Austria and especially her son Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor in the mid to late 18th century, but many of these were abandoned following large scale resistance to Joseph's more radical reform attempts, although a more cautious policy of centralization continued during the revolutionary period and the long Klemens Wenzel von Metternich Age of Metternich which followed.

    An even greater attempt at centralization began in 1849 following the suppression of the various 1848 revolution. For the first time, ministers tried to transform the monarchy into a centralized bureaucratic state ruled from Vienna. The Kingdom of Hungary, in particular, ceased to exist as a separate entity, being divided into a series of districts. Following the Habsburg defeats in the Wars of 1859 and 1866, this policy was abandoned, and after several years of experimentation in the early 1860s, the famous Ausgleich, or Compromise, of 1867 was arrived at, by which the so-called Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary was set up. In this system, the Kingdom of Hungary was given sovereignty and a parliament, with only a personal union and a joint foreign and military policy connecting it to the other Habsburg lands. Although the non-Hungarian Habsburg lands, often, but erroneously, referred to as "Austria," received their own central parliament (the Reichsrat, or Imperial Council) and ministries, as their official name - the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council - shows that they remained something less than a genuine unitary state. When Bosnia and Herzegovina were annexed (after a long period of occupation and administration), they were not incorporated into either half of the monarchy. Instead, they were governed by the joint ministry of finance.

    Austria-Hungary collapsed under the weight of the various unsolved ethnic problems that came to a head with its defeat in World War I. In the peace settlement that followed, significant territories were ceded to Romania and Italy, new republics of Austria (the German-Austrian territories of the Hereditary lands) and Hungary (the Magyar core of the old kingdom) were created, and the remainder of the monarchy's territory was shared out among the new states of Poland, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia), and Czechoslovakia.

    Habsburg territories outside the Habsburg Monarchy The Habsburg monarchy should not be confused with various other territories ruled at different times by members of the Habsburg dynasty. The senior Spanish line of the Habsburgs ruled over Spain and various other territories from 1516 until it became extinct in 1700. A junior line ruled over Tuscany between 1765 and 1801, and again from 1814 to 1859. While exiled from Tuscany, this line ruled at Salzburg from 1803 to 1805, and in Würzburg from 1805 to 1814. Another line ruled the Vorlande from 1803 to 1805, and Duchy of Modena from 1814 to 1859, while Marie Louise of Austria, Napoleon I of France second wife and the daughter of Austrian Emperor Francis, ruled over the Duchy of Parma between 1814 and 1847.

    History For a historical account, see:

    Rulers of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1526-1918 Habsburg

    Habsburg-Lorraine

    See also

    References {{cite book | last = Robert John Weston Evans | title = The Making of the Hapsburg Monarchy, 1550-1700: An Interpretation | publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 1979 | location = | pages = | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=1QXiWBGboHMC&pg=PA3&ots=bx9RNoJSSl&dq=Habsburg+Monarchy&sig=U1JSGPwTtE82JpgIKPlJfHnXxZ4 | doi = | id = ISBN 0198730853 -->

    The Habsburg Monarchy included the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor House of Habsburg-Lorraine, between 1745 and 1867/1918. The capital was Vienna. The monarchy from 1804 to 1867 is usually referred to as the Austrian Empire and from 1867 to 1918 as Austria-Hungary.

    The monarchy developed from the Habsburg Hereditary Lands (mostly modern Austria and Slovenia), which the Habsburgs had accumulated since 1278. The Habsburg Monarchy grew to European prominence in 1526, when Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, the younger brother of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, was elected King of Bohemia and Hungary following the death of Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia, the King of those two countries, in battle against the Turks at Battle of Mohacs.From this point the Monarchy grew to a size where at times it ruled over more than half of Europe.

    Terminology Names of the territory that (with some exceptions) finally became Austria-Hungary:

    Names of some smaller territories:

    Territories The territories ruled by the branch changed over the centuries, but the core always consisted of four blocs:

  • The Hereditary Lands, which covered most of the modern states of Austria and Slovenia, as well as territories in northeastern Italy and (before 1797) southwestern Germany. To these were added in 1779 the Inn Quarter of Bavaria; and in 1803 the Bishoprics of Bishopric of Trent and Bishopric of Brixen. The Napoleonic Wars caused disruptions where many parts of the Hereditary lands were lost, but all these, along with the former Archbishopric of Salzburg, which had previously been temporarily annexed between 1805 and 1809, were recovered at the peace in 1815. The Hereditary provinces included:
  • Upper Austria
  • Lower Austria
  • Styria (duchy)
  • Carinthia (duchy)
  • Carniola
  • Krajina
  • The Adriatic port of Trieste
  • Istria (although much of Istria was Republic of Venice territory until 1797)
  • Gorizia and Gradisca
  • The Tirol (although the Bishoprics of Trent and Brixen dominated what would become the South Tirol before 1803)
  • The Vorarlberg (actually a collection of provinces, only united in the 19th century)
  • The Vorlande, a group of territories in southwestern Germany lost in 1797 (although the Alsace territories which had formed a part of it had been lost as early as 1648)
  • Salzburg (state) (only after 1805)
  • The Lands of the Bohemian Crown — initially consisting of the four (in fact five - Lusatia was compound from two parts/crown lands: Upper and Lower L.) provinces of Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, and Lusatia. Lusatia was ceded to Saxony in 1635, while most of Silesia was conquered by Prussia in 1740–1742.
  • The Kingdom of Hungary — prior to 1699, the Kingdom of Hungary, called Royal Hungary at that time, lost some two thirds of its territory to the Ottoman Empire and its vassals the Princes of Transylvania, while the Habsburgs were restricted to the western and northern fringes of the former kingdom, but after that date almost the whole former kingdom came under Austrian rule, with the rest being picked up in 1718. The Kingdom of Hungary, at its fullest extent, included modern Hungary and Slovakia, most of Croatia, the Vojvodina in what is now Serbia, Transylvania in what is now Romania, and Carpathian Ruthenia, a small trans-Carpathian region now in Ukraine. Between 1718 and 1739, various other Balkan territories, including the area around Belgrade and parts of western Wallachia, were also attached, but were lost following an unsuccessful war with Turkey in 1739. Much of the area bordering the Ottoman Empire was separated out from Hungarian administration and formed into the Military Frontier, which was ruled directly from Vienna.
  • The Croatia in the Habsburg Empire initially consisted of four regions: Croatia in the Habsburg Empire, Slavonia, Dalmatia and Bosnia Province. The Parliament on Cetin elected Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, as King of Croatia on 1 January 1527. Croatia remained within the Habsburg Monarchy until the Sabor declared its independence on 29 October 1918. After the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen in 1868, the official name for Croatia was The Triunine Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia.
  • Croatia in the Habsburg Empire: In the 16th century, after Slavonia and Bosnia Province fell under Ottoman Empire and Dalmatia under the Republic of Venice, the Central Croatia was referred to as the Remnants of the remnants of the once great Croatian Kingdom ().
  • Slavonia: In 16th century fell under Ottoman Empire; liberated and returned under the civil administration of Croatia in 1718.
  • Dalmatia: Between 1409 and 1420, the Republic of Venice took most of Dalmatia, which remained under Republic of Venice until its fall in 1797. Although Dalmatia was taken by Austrian Empire in 1815, it refused to return Dalmatia under the civil administration of Croatia, despite continuous urges by Sabor.
  • Bosnia Province: In 1377, the independent Bosnia and Herzegovina separated from Croatia under Tvrtko, but conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1463, while Croatia in the union with Hungary remained claiming Bosnia Province (also referred to as Turkish Croatia) for the Croatia. Bosnia Province remained under Ottoman Empire rule until 1878, when taken by Austria-Hungary, but never returned to Croatia, despite continuous urges by Sabor.
  • Croatian and Slavonian Military Frontier (Vojna Krajina), which was a temporary zone along the border with Ottoman Empire formed in 16th century and administered directly by the military authorities of Habsburg Monarchy, not by Croatian Sabor and Ban (title). It returned under the civil administration of Croatia in 1881.


    • Over the course of its history, other lands were, at times, under Austrian Habsburg rule:

  • Serbia (1688-1691)
  • The Austrian Netherlands, consisting of most of modern Belgium and Luxembourg (1713–1792)
  • The Duchy of Milan, in Lombardy (1713–1797)
  • The Kingdom of Naples (1713–1735)
  • The Kingdom of Sardinia (1713–1720)
  • The Banat of Temeswar (1718–1778)
  • Serbia (1718–1739)
  • Bosnia (region) (1878–1918)
  • Oltenia (1718–1737)
  • The Kingdom of Sicily (1720–1735)
  • The Duchy of Parma (1735–1748)
  • The Galicia (Central Europe), in modern Poland and Ukraine (1772–1918)
  • Bukovina (1774–1918)
  • Serbia (1789-1791)
  • "Nowa Galicja", the Polish lands, including Kraków, taken in the Third Partition (1795–1809)
  • Venetia (1797–1805, 1814–1866)
  • Dalmatia (1797–1805, 1814–1918)
  • Lombardy (1814–1859)
  • Kraków, which was incorporated into Galicia (Central Europe) (1846–1918)
  • Vojvodina of Serbia and Tamiš Banat (1849–1860)
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina (1908–1918)


    • The Austrian Habsburgs also held the title of Holy Roman Emperor between 1556 and 1740, and again from 1745 to 1806.

    Characteristics The various Habsburg possessions never really formed a single country - each province was governed according to its own particular customs. Until the mid 17th century, all of the provinces were not even necessarily ruled by the same person - junior members of the family often ruled portions of the Hereditary Lands as private apanages. Serious attempts at centralization began under Maria Theresa of Austria and especially her son Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor in the mid to late 18th century, but many of these were abandoned following large scale resistance to Joseph's more radical reform attempts, although a more cautious policy of centralization continued during the revolutionary period and the long Klemens Wenzel von Metternich Age of Metternich which followed.

    An even greater attempt at centralization began in 1849 following the suppression of the various 1848 revolution. For the first time, ministers tried to transform the monarchy into a centralized bureaucratic state ruled from Vienna. The Kingdom of Hungary, in particular, ceased to exist as a separate entity, being divided into a series of districts. Following the Habsburg defeats in the Wars of 1859 and 1866, this policy was abandoned, and after several years of experimentation in the early 1860s, the famous Ausgleich, or Compromise, of 1867 was arrived at, by which the so-called Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary was set up. In this system, the Kingdom of Hungary was given sovereignty and a parliament, with only a personal union and a joint foreign and military policy connecting it to the other Habsburg lands. Although the non-Hungarian Habsburg lands, often, but erroneously, referred to as "Austria," received their own central parliament (the Reichsrat, or Imperial Council) and ministries, as their official name - the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council - shows that they remained something less than a genuine unitary state. When Bosnia and Herzegovina were annexed (after a long period of occupation and administration), they were not incorporated into either half of the monarchy. Instead, they were governed by the joint ministry of finance.

    Austria-Hungary collapsed under the weight of the various unsolved ethnic problems that came to a head with its defeat in World War I. In the peace settlement that followed, significant territories were ceded to Romania and Italy, new republics of Austria (the German-Austrian territories of the Hereditary lands) and Hungary (the Magyar core of the old kingdom) were created, and the remainder of the monarchy's territory was shared out among the new states of Poland, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia), and Czechoslovakia.

    Habsburg territories outside the Habsburg Monarchy The Habsburg monarchy should not be confused with various other territories ruled at different times by members of the Habsburg dynasty. The senior Spanish line of the Habsburgs ruled over Spain and various other territories from 1516 until it became extinct in 1700. A junior line ruled over Tuscany between 1765 and 1801, and again from 1814 to 1859. While exiled from Tuscany, this line ruled at Salzburg from 1803 to 1805, and in Würzburg from 1805 to 1814. Another line ruled the Vorlande from 1803 to 1805, and Duchy of Modena from 1814 to 1859, while Marie Louise of Austria, Napoleon I of France second wife and the daughter of Austrian Emperor Francis, ruled over the Duchy of Parma between 1814 and 1847.

    History For a historical account, see:

    Rulers of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1526-1918 Habsburg

    Habsburg-Lorraine

    See also

    References {{cite book | last = Robert John Weston Evans | title = The Making of the Hapsburg Monarchy, 1550-1700: An Interpretation | publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 1979 | location = | pages = | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=1QXiWBGboHMC&pg=PA3&ots=bx9RNoJSSl&dq=Habsburg+Monarchy&sig=U1JSGPwTtE82JpgIKPlJfHnXxZ4 | doi = | id = ISBN 0198730853 -->



    Habsburg Monarchy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Habsburg Monarchy (alternatively Habsburg Empire) refers to the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor House of Habsburg ...

    History of the Habsburg Monarchy 1700-1918
    HISTORY OF THE HABSBURG MONARCHY 1700-1918 History of the Habsburg Monarchy 1700-1918

    The Habsburg Monarchy, 1490-1848 >> Palgrave.com : Title Page
    Palgrave Macmillan is a global academic publisher, serving learning and scholarship in higher education and the professional world

    Habsburg Source Texts Archive
    Henry Wickham Steed on the Habsburg Monarchy* Additional Excerpts From the Memoirs of Prince ... Other Online Document Collections of Interest (not compiled by HABSBURG):

    Amazon.co.uk: The Habsburg Monarchy: From Enlightenment to Eclipse ...
    Amazon.co.uk: The Habsburg Monarchy: From Enlightenment to Eclipse: Robin Okey: Books ... Price: £45.00 & this item Delivered FREE in the UK with Super Saver Delivery. See details ...

    Image:Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg - Wikimedia Commons
    File history. Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time.

    The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815 - Cambridge University Press
    The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815, Charles W. Ingrao, 9780521785051, Cambridge University Press

    The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815 - Cambridge University Press
    The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815, Charles W. Ingrao, 9780521780346, Cambridge University Press

    The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815 - Cambridge University Press
    Library of Congress. Dewey number: 943.6/03; Dewey version: 21; LC Classification: DB36.3.H3 I54 1994; LC Subject headings: Habsburg, House of; Austria--History--1519-1740; Austria ...

    Amazon.co.uk: The Habsburg Monarchy 1809-1918: A History of the ...
    Amazon.co.uk: The Habsburg Monarchy 1809-1918: A History of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary: A.J.P. Taylor: Books

     

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